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Diffuse emission of organic trace gases from the flank and crater of a quiescent active volcano (Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy)

Identifieur interne : 000174 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000173; suivant : 000175

Diffuse emission of organic trace gases from the flank and crater of a quiescent active volcano (Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy)

Auteurs : Florian M. Schwandner [Suisse] ; Terry M. Seward [Suisse] ; Andrew P. Gize [Royaume-Uni] ; P. Anthony Hall [Royaume-Uni] ; Volker J. Dietrich [Suisse]

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:D9653D25E0FAB3447DC8B0A5A29F02A47D6D3F3E

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

Volcanoes discharge a range of inorganic major gas species (e.g., H2O, CO2, SO2, and CO) not only during eruptions but also during quiescent phases through fumarolic and diffuse degassing in their craters and on their flanks. The emission of organic trace gases from volcanoes is similarly not expected to be restricted to discrete fumarolic gas discharges alone. To test this hypothesis, we have sampled soil gas emissions for organic compounds and determined CO2 fluxes along a profile extending from the vegetated base of the active La Fossa cone (Vulcano Island, Italy) over the unvegetated volcanic flank and up into the crater rim and base and then continuing over fumarolic areas. The results indicate that the majority of volatile organic compounds in the soil gas show significant increases in concentration toward the crater and fumaroles and that diffuse emissions contribute significantly to the volcanic halocarbon source strength. Emissions of the halocarbon CFC‐11 (CCl3F) correlate well with soil CO2 fluxes measured on site (R2 = 0.89, slope = 1.42 ± 0.1) and both increase toward the crater and fumaroles. Other ozone‐depleting substances were found in concentrations significantly above those found in field and system blanks, including CH3Br, CH3Cl, CH3I, C2H5Br, and chlorinated benzenes. Abundances ranged from upper pptv to ppmv; for example, the maximum observed CFC‐11 concentrations were 1200 pptv in diffuse emissions and 3700 pptv in dry fumarolic gas (average dry air is 268 pptv). On the basis of these results the natural volcanic source strength of halocarbon emissions to the atmosphere requires reevaluation, and in some cases, correction to higher values. Global average fumarolic and diffuse halocarbon source strengths were estimated and scaled to known global volcanic fumarolic and diffuse CO2 flux data. Among these were CFC‐11 (8.56 ± 4.7 × 10−6 Tg y−1), CH3Br (0.98 ± 0.47 × 10−6 Tg y−1), CHCl3 (94.9 ± 27.6 × 10−6 Tg y−1), and CCl4 (3.41 ± 1.0 × 10−6 Tg y−1).

Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2003JD003890


Affiliations:


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Le document en format XML

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<term>Abiogenic formation</term>
<term>Abscissa</term>
<term>Acetonitrile</term>
<term>Adsorbent</term>
<term>Adsorbent cartridge</term>
<term>Adsorbent cartridges</term>
<term>Aeolian islands</term>
<term>Alkane</term>
<term>Analyte concentrations</term>
<term>Analytical column</term>
<term>Anthropogenic</term>
<term>Anthropogenic source</term>
<term>Arenes</term>
<term>Aromatic compounds</term>
<term>Atmospheric composition</term>
<term>Atmospheric pressure</term>
<term>Average tropospheric concentration</term>
<term>Benzene</term>
<term>Bromide</term>
<term>Brominated compounds</term>
<term>Bromine</term>
<term>Calibration curve</term>
<term>Carbon number distribution</term>
<term>Ccl4</term>
<term>Ccl4 concentrations</term>
<term>Ch3br</term>
<term>Ch3cl</term>
<term>Chcl3 ccl4 ccl3f</term>
<term>Chemical signals</term>
<term>Chiodini</term>
<term>Chlorinated benzenes</term>
<term>Coastal salt marshes</term>
<term>Combustion processes</term>
<term>Compound</term>
<term>Concentration variations</term>
<term>Conductive heat flow</term>
<term>Contamination</term>
<term>Correction factor</term>
<term>Correlation coefficient</term>
<term>Correlation function</term>
<term>Crater</term>
<term>Crater area</term>
<term>Crater bottom</term>
<term>Crater region</term>
<term>Data point group</term>
<term>Data points</term>
<term>Degassing</term>
<term>Degassing activity</term>
<term>Diffuse</term>
<term>Diffuse degassing</term>
<term>Diffuse degassing structures</term>
<term>Diffuse emanations</term>
<term>Diffuse emission</term>
<term>Diffuse emissions</term>
<term>Dimethyl</term>
<term>Dimethyl sulfide</term>
<term>Dimethyl sulfone</term>
<term>Emanation</term>
<term>Emissions figure</term>
<term>Enrichment</term>
<term>Environ</term>
<term>Eruption</term>
<term>Flank</term>
<term>Flow rate</term>
<term>Flux data</term>
<term>Flux measurements</term>
<term>Fossa</term>
<term>Fossa cone</term>
<term>Fumarole</term>
<term>Fumaroles</term>
<term>Fumarolic</term>
<term>Fumarolic activity</term>
<term>Fumarolic areas</term>
<term>Fumarolic degassing</term>
<term>Fumarolic discharges</term>
<term>Fumarolic emissions</term>
<term>Fumarolic fields</term>
<term>Fumarolic gases</term>
<term>Fumarolic source strength</term>
<term>Further details</term>
<term>Geological sciences</term>
<term>Geophys</term>
<term>Geothermal gradient</term>
<term>Glass tube</term>
<term>Global</term>
<term>Ground temperatures</term>
<term>Halocarbon</term>
<term>Halocarbon compounds</term>
<term>Halocarbon concentrations</term>
<term>Higher resolution</term>
<term>Higher values</term>
<term>Hydrocarbon</term>
<term>Hydrocarbon distribution</term>
<term>Hydrothermal systems</term>
<term>Hydrous pyrolysis</term>
<term>Instrumental drift</term>
<term>Instrumental precision</term>
<term>Isidorov</term>
<term>Isomer</term>
<term>Khalil</term>
<term>Kilauea volcano</term>
<term>Lava flows</term>
<term>Light hydrocarbons</term>
<term>Linear range</term>
<term>Literature values</term>
<term>Lobert</term>
<term>Logarithmic scale</term>
<term>Lower flanks</term>
<term>Methyl</term>
<term>Methyl bromide</term>
<term>Methyl chloride</term>
<term>Methyl halides</term>
<term>Methyl iodide</term>
<term>Methylene</term>
<term>Methylene chloride</term>
<term>Natural production</term>
<term>Natural sources</term>
<term>Nitrogenated compounds</term>
<term>Normal alkanes</term>
<term>Ordinate</term>
<term>Organic chemistry</term>
<term>Organic compounds</term>
<term>Organic matter</term>
<term>Organic trace gases</term>
<term>Organobromine compounds</term>
<term>Organosulfur compounds</term>
<term>Other compounds</term>
<term>Oxygenated compounds</term>
<term>Peak area</term>
<term>Peak areas</term>
<term>Physical parameters</term>
<term>Ppbv</term>
<term>Pptv</term>
<term>Profile</term>
<term>Profile distance</term>
<term>Profile shape</term>
<term>Pyrolysis</term>
<term>Radical reactions</term>
<term>Reactive chlorine</term>
<term>Reactive chlorine emissions inventory</term>
<term>Representative selection</term>
<term>Resistivity</term>
<term>Retention indices</term>
<term>Retention window</term>
<term>Same conditions</term>
<term>Same profile</term>
<term>Sampling setup</term>
<term>Sampling site</term>
<term>Sampling sites</term>
<term>Sampling volume</term>
<term>Schwandner</term>
<term>Shallow soil</term>
<term>Soil gases</term>
<term>Soil material</term>
<term>Soil particles</term>
<term>Soil substrate</term>
<term>Solar heating</term>
<term>Source strength</term>
<term>Spme fiber</term>
<term>Squares regression</term>
<term>Strong enrichment</term>
<term>Subsurface</term>
<term>Subsurface degassing</term>
<term>Subsurface source</term>
<term>Subsurface structures</term>
<term>Sulfide</term>
<term>Sulfur</term>
<term>Surface cooling</term>
<term>Temperature measurements</term>
<term>Terrestrial plants</term>
<term>Trace gases</term>
<term>Upper flank</term>
<term>Upper flanks</term>
<term>Upper section</term>
<term>Upper slopes</term>
<term>Vegetated</term>
<term>Vegetated base</term>
<term>Vegetated zone</term>
<term>Vegetation</term>
<term>Vegetation fires</term>
<term>Visible vegetation</term>
<term>Volcanic</term>
<term>Volcanic cone</term>
<term>Volcanic edifice</term>
<term>Volcanic emanations</term>
<term>Volcanic emissions</term>
<term>Volcanic gases</term>
<term>Volcanic halocarbon source strength</term>
<term>Volcanic halocarbon source strengths</term>
<term>Volcanic origin</term>
<term>Volcanic source</term>
<term>Volcanic source strength</term>
<term>Volcano</term>
<term>Vulcano</term>
<term>Vulcano harbor</term>
<term>Vulcano island</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en">
<term>Abiogenic formation</term>
<term>Abscissa</term>
<term>Acetonitrile</term>
<term>Adsorbent</term>
<term>Adsorbent cartridge</term>
<term>Adsorbent cartridges</term>
<term>Aeolian islands</term>
<term>Alkane</term>
<term>Analyte concentrations</term>
<term>Analytical column</term>
<term>Anthropogenic</term>
<term>Anthropogenic source</term>
<term>Arenes</term>
<term>Aromatic compounds</term>
<term>Atmospheric composition</term>
<term>Atmospheric pressure</term>
<term>Average tropospheric concentration</term>
<term>Benzene</term>
<term>Bromide</term>
<term>Brominated compounds</term>
<term>Bromine</term>
<term>Calibration curve</term>
<term>Carbon number distribution</term>
<term>Ccl4</term>
<term>Ccl4 concentrations</term>
<term>Ch3br</term>
<term>Ch3cl</term>
<term>Chcl3 ccl4 ccl3f</term>
<term>Chemical signals</term>
<term>Chiodini</term>
<term>Chlorinated benzenes</term>
<term>Coastal salt marshes</term>
<term>Combustion processes</term>
<term>Compound</term>
<term>Concentration variations</term>
<term>Conductive heat flow</term>
<term>Contamination</term>
<term>Correction factor</term>
<term>Correlation coefficient</term>
<term>Correlation function</term>
<term>Crater</term>
<term>Crater area</term>
<term>Crater bottom</term>
<term>Crater region</term>
<term>Data point group</term>
<term>Data points</term>
<term>Degassing</term>
<term>Degassing activity</term>
<term>Diffuse</term>
<term>Diffuse degassing</term>
<term>Diffuse degassing structures</term>
<term>Diffuse emanations</term>
<term>Diffuse emission</term>
<term>Diffuse emissions</term>
<term>Dimethyl</term>
<term>Dimethyl sulfide</term>
<term>Dimethyl sulfone</term>
<term>Emanation</term>
<term>Emissions figure</term>
<term>Enrichment</term>
<term>Environ</term>
<term>Eruption</term>
<term>Flank</term>
<term>Flow rate</term>
<term>Flux data</term>
<term>Flux measurements</term>
<term>Fossa</term>
<term>Fossa cone</term>
<term>Fumarole</term>
<term>Fumaroles</term>
<term>Fumarolic</term>
<term>Fumarolic activity</term>
<term>Fumarolic areas</term>
<term>Fumarolic degassing</term>
<term>Fumarolic discharges</term>
<term>Fumarolic emissions</term>
<term>Fumarolic fields</term>
<term>Fumarolic gases</term>
<term>Fumarolic source strength</term>
<term>Further details</term>
<term>Geological sciences</term>
<term>Geophys</term>
<term>Geothermal gradient</term>
<term>Glass tube</term>
<term>Global</term>
<term>Ground temperatures</term>
<term>Halocarbon</term>
<term>Halocarbon compounds</term>
<term>Halocarbon concentrations</term>
<term>Higher resolution</term>
<term>Higher values</term>
<term>Hydrocarbon</term>
<term>Hydrocarbon distribution</term>
<term>Hydrothermal systems</term>
<term>Hydrous pyrolysis</term>
<term>Instrumental drift</term>
<term>Instrumental precision</term>
<term>Isidorov</term>
<term>Isomer</term>
<term>Khalil</term>
<term>Kilauea volcano</term>
<term>Lava flows</term>
<term>Light hydrocarbons</term>
<term>Linear range</term>
<term>Literature values</term>
<term>Lobert</term>
<term>Logarithmic scale</term>
<term>Lower flanks</term>
<term>Methyl</term>
<term>Methyl bromide</term>
<term>Methyl chloride</term>
<term>Methyl halides</term>
<term>Methyl iodide</term>
<term>Methylene</term>
<term>Methylene chloride</term>
<term>Natural production</term>
<term>Natural sources</term>
<term>Nitrogenated compounds</term>
<term>Normal alkanes</term>
<term>Ordinate</term>
<term>Organic chemistry</term>
<term>Organic compounds</term>
<term>Organic matter</term>
<term>Organic trace gases</term>
<term>Organobromine compounds</term>
<term>Organosulfur compounds</term>
<term>Other compounds</term>
<term>Oxygenated compounds</term>
<term>Peak area</term>
<term>Peak areas</term>
<term>Physical parameters</term>
<term>Ppbv</term>
<term>Pptv</term>
<term>Profile</term>
<term>Profile distance</term>
<term>Profile shape</term>
<term>Pyrolysis</term>
<term>Radical reactions</term>
<term>Reactive chlorine</term>
<term>Reactive chlorine emissions inventory</term>
<term>Representative selection</term>
<term>Resistivity</term>
<term>Retention indices</term>
<term>Retention window</term>
<term>Same conditions</term>
<term>Same profile</term>
<term>Sampling setup</term>
<term>Sampling site</term>
<term>Sampling sites</term>
<term>Sampling volume</term>
<term>Schwandner</term>
<term>Shallow soil</term>
<term>Soil gases</term>
<term>Soil material</term>
<term>Soil particles</term>
<term>Soil substrate</term>
<term>Solar heating</term>
<term>Source strength</term>
<term>Spme fiber</term>
<term>Squares regression</term>
<term>Strong enrichment</term>
<term>Subsurface</term>
<term>Subsurface degassing</term>
<term>Subsurface source</term>
<term>Subsurface structures</term>
<term>Sulfide</term>
<term>Sulfur</term>
<term>Surface cooling</term>
<term>Temperature measurements</term>
<term>Terrestrial plants</term>
<term>Trace gases</term>
<term>Upper flank</term>
<term>Upper flanks</term>
<term>Upper section</term>
<term>Upper slopes</term>
<term>Vegetated</term>
<term>Vegetated base</term>
<term>Vegetated zone</term>
<term>Vegetation</term>
<term>Vegetation fires</term>
<term>Visible vegetation</term>
<term>Volcanic</term>
<term>Volcanic cone</term>
<term>Volcanic edifice</term>
<term>Volcanic emanations</term>
<term>Volcanic emissions</term>
<term>Volcanic gases</term>
<term>Volcanic halocarbon source strength</term>
<term>Volcanic halocarbon source strengths</term>
<term>Volcanic origin</term>
<term>Volcanic source</term>
<term>Volcanic source strength</term>
<term>Volcano</term>
<term>Vulcano</term>
<term>Vulcano harbor</term>
<term>Vulcano island</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Brome</term>
<term>Hydrocarbure</term>
</keywords>
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<front>
<div type="abstract">Volcanoes discharge a range of inorganic major gas species (e.g., H2O, CO2, SO2, and CO) not only during eruptions but also during quiescent phases through fumarolic and diffuse degassing in their craters and on their flanks. The emission of organic trace gases from volcanoes is similarly not expected to be restricted to discrete fumarolic gas discharges alone. To test this hypothesis, we have sampled soil gas emissions for organic compounds and determined CO2 fluxes along a profile extending from the vegetated base of the active La Fossa cone (Vulcano Island, Italy) over the unvegetated volcanic flank and up into the crater rim and base and then continuing over fumarolic areas. The results indicate that the majority of volatile organic compounds in the soil gas show significant increases in concentration toward the crater and fumaroles and that diffuse emissions contribute significantly to the volcanic halocarbon source strength. Emissions of the halocarbon CFC‐11 (CCl3F) correlate well with soil CO2 fluxes measured on site (R2 = 0.89, slope = 1.42 ± 0.1) and both increase toward the crater and fumaroles. Other ozone‐depleting substances were found in concentrations significantly above those found in field and system blanks, including CH3Br, CH3Cl, CH3I, C2H5Br, and chlorinated benzenes. Abundances ranged from upper pptv to ppmv; for example, the maximum observed CFC‐11 concentrations were 1200 pptv in diffuse emissions and 3700 pptv in dry fumarolic gas (average dry air is 268 pptv). On the basis of these results the natural volcanic source strength of halocarbon emissions to the atmosphere requires reevaluation, and in some cases, correction to higher values. Global average fumarolic and diffuse halocarbon source strengths were estimated and scaled to known global volcanic fumarolic and diffuse CO2 flux data. Among these were CFC‐11 (8.56 ± 4.7 × 10−6 Tg y−1), CH3Br (0.98 ± 0.47 × 10−6 Tg y−1), CHCl3 (94.9 ± 27.6 × 10−6 Tg y−1), and CCl4 (3.41 ± 1.0 × 10−6 Tg y−1).</div>
</front>
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<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>Suisse</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Canton de Zurich</li>
<li>Grand Manchester</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>Manchester</li>
<li>Zurich</li>
</settlement>
<orgName>
<li>Université de Manchester</li>
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<region name="Canton de Zurich">
<name sortKey="Schwandner, Florian M" sort="Schwandner, Florian M" uniqKey="Schwandner F" first="Florian M." last="Schwandner">Florian M. Schwandner</name>
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<name sortKey="Schwandner, Florian M" sort="Schwandner, Florian M" uniqKey="Schwandner F" first="Florian M." last="Schwandner">Florian M. Schwandner</name>
<name sortKey="Seward, Terry M" sort="Seward, Terry M" uniqKey="Seward T" first="Terry M." last="Seward">Terry M. Seward</name>
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<name sortKey="Gize, Andrew P" sort="Gize, Andrew P" uniqKey="Gize A" first="Andrew P." last="Gize">Andrew P. Gize</name>
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<name sortKey="Hall, P Anthony" sort="Hall, P Anthony" uniqKey="Hall P" first="P. Anthony" last="Hall">P. Anthony Hall</name>
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